Wednesday 17 August 2016

Define C Type power press Machine

Press Device in Electronic Industry


A power press device is one that is applied for shaping a work piece in terms of applying pressure. This device is found to be supportive in different sectors such as automobiles, electrical and electronic companies and especially a basic press apparatus is found to be suitable for auto machine workshops to perform a range of machining activities on metal sheets such as cutting, pressing, curving, into different shapes and sizes. As far as electronic industry is concerned, the formation of enclosures stays important requisite. A power press is employed to make different elements made of metal pages and production of enclosure is one of the interesting jobs that can be performed in terms of stamping action. The electrical enclosures are then applied as junction boxes in telecommunication industry.

C Type Power Press and its Benefits in Production of Automobile Parts


Power press apparatus is available in Pillar type and c type version with economical machining designs. C type press apparatus is made of solid and durable steel material equipped with a rolling key pattern clutch that helps to bring out ceaseless pressing strokes; hence, this equipment can be depended on for mass production. The presence of revolving crankshaft keeps the device work on uniform strokes. The C type press is a single action press gadget which is a user friendly choice when it comes to operations. This equipment is suitable in several manufacturing sectors such as steel and aluminium utensils, automobile parts and defence engineering components. Automobile is composed of a range of smaller and complicated metal parts. A c type press apparatus is applied to make complicated shapes made of metal for automobile construction. In addition, some of the salient features of C type press apparatus are,

  1. Suitable for long term usage
  2. Guaranteed accuracy of machining
  3. Reliable tool for pressing and bending requisites
  4. High speed performance with low noise
  5. Made of quality metals that will not get influenced by atmospheric influence
  6. This equipment is available in custom design
  7. Above all consumes very low amount of fuel.

Selecting a Press Device Based On Pressure Requirement


A power apparatus for metal shaping requisite can be classified in terms of the working principle such as the single action, double action and triple action presses. However, the mechanism of every type of press apparatus depends on the pressure given on the crankshaft. A crank is like an arm to the apparatus that helps in responding to the rotating motion received from the shaft. The forced applied by the crankshaft mechanism is linked to the speed of the press mechanism. For example, C type power press apparatus can be preferred for operating on heavy duty materials as the crankshaft can bear good level of pressure and withstand the same. A  Pillar type power tool is built with cross ribbing, and the clutches are designs with rolling keys and this device is useful for a flawless and high-end reliability and hence, can be preferred for moderate pressure requirement.

Conclusion


Be it automobile industry or electronics, core particles have to be designed in various shapes and sizes, hence, selecting a press apparatus in accordance with the shaping dimensional requirement and the pressure capacity of the crankshaft will stay an ideal option.
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Define Boring and Honing Machine



Honing and boring operations are some of the most common finishing operations done on drilled parts and other hollow components. The two operations are widely used in engine block finishing.

Honing and boring operations in workshops


This operation entails the internal cutting and smoothening of drilled holes. The method produces very accurate holes with an extremely smooth surface finish.

Boring on the other hand is the enlargement of already drilled holes (pilot holes and other larger holes). This process ensures that the large holes are straight and accurately drilled.

Types and Features of block boring and honing machines


Block boring machines are specially designed to enlarge the engine block holes with high precision and accuracy. They are used to bore accurate hole on engine blocks. To achieve high accuracy and precision, both work piece and the tool must be properly positioned.

They are many different types of boring and honing equipments. They include: cylinder block boring, in line boring, tunnel boring, CNC honing/boring, manual honing and boring , vertical honing, horizontal honing among others.

Cylinder block boring and honing devices are equipped with devices to increase precision and accuracy when setting up the engine block and the cutting tools. They have advanced tool clamping, centering and positioning systems which ensure that tools are clamped properly with respect to the work pieces.

These have universal clamping brackets and other specialized jigs and fixtures to reduce the block set up time and ensure accurate positioning. CNC have automated tool positioning systems and operators can program boring and honing operations.

It also have hydraulic or pneumatic systems used to accurately feed the work piece or the tools and ensure there are no vibrations. This guarantees high precision during boring and extremely smooth surfaces when honing.

Honing equipments use different types of abrasive material to give the hole a smooth surface. The smoothness is determined by the grit size of the abrasive.

Industrial application of block boring and honing machines              


Block boring instruments are used to bore holes on the engine block, perform engine block surfacing, and develop new engine head studs as well as other boring operations.

Cylinder block boring machine are similar to block boring but are dedicated to machining engine block cylinders. Their main applications are, engine cylinder boring and reconditioning, head stud conversions, head stud threading, cylinder chamfering, engine cylinder O-ring grooving and cylinder head surfacing.
Specially constructed cylinder boring and horning machines such as inline boring and horizontal boring are used to recondition cam shaft and crack shaft seats as well as the V type engine cylinders.

Honing boring smoothen the engine cylinder and other bored holes on the engine block.  Honing is important as it reduces the friction between the engine block and the pistons.

Using honing and boring for high precision drilling operations


Honing and boring are widely used in high precision drilling operations done on the engine block.

Conclusions


Block boring and honing machines are widely used in drilling and smoothening engine cylinder surfaces and holes. They are used to repair and recondition engine blocks. Their specialized features guarantee accuracy and precision.
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What is Planer machine and types

Definition:-

A planer is a type of metalworking machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to cut the work piece. A planer is similar to a shaper, but larger, and with workpiece moving, whereas in a shaper the cutting tool moves.

Types:-

  1. Pit Type Planer
  2. Divide type Planer
  3. Double Housing Planer 
  4. Edge Type Planer
  5. Open Side Planer

Applications

Linear planing

The most common applications of planers and shapers are linear-toolpath ones, such as:
  • Generating accurate flat surfaces. (While not as precise as grinding, a planer can remove a tremendous amount of material in one pass with high accuracy.)[1]
  • Cutting slots (such as keyways).
  • It is even possible to do work that might now be done by wire EDM in some cases. Starting from a drilled or cored hole, a planer with a boring-bar type tool can cut internal features that don't lend themselves to milling or boring (such as irregularly shaped holes with tight corners).

Helical planing

Although the archetypal toolpath of a planer is linear, helical cutting can be accomplished by coupling the table's linear motion to simultaneous rotation. The helical planing idea is similar to both helical milling and single-point screw cutting.

Current Usage

Planers and shapers are now obsolescent, because other machine tools (such as milling machines, broaching machines, and grinding machines) have mostly eclipsed them as the tools of choice for doing such work. However, they have not yet disappeared from the metalworking world. Planers are used by smaller tool and die shops within larger production facilities to maintain and repair large stamping dies and plastic injection molds. Additional uses include any other task where an abnormally large (usually in the range of 4'×8' or more) block of metal must be squared when a (quite massive) horizontal grinder or floor mill is unavailable, too expensive, or otherwise impractical in a given situation. As usual in the selection of machine tools, an old machine that is in hand, still works, and is long since paid-for has substantial cost advantage over a newer machine that would need to be purchased. This principle easily explains why "old-fashioned" techniques often have a long period of gradual obsolescence in industrial contexts, rather than a sharp drop-off of prevalence such as is seen in mass-consumer technology fashions.

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Tuesday 16 August 2016

How is shaper specification and work

Intro:-


A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of helical.








Types of shapers

Shapers are classified according to various aspects.

1) Based on type of mechanism employed for the movement of the cutting tool i.e. tool carrying ram the shapers are classified in to three types
a. Crank type 
b. Gear type
c. Hydraulic type

2) According to position and movement of ram the shapers are classified in to three types
a. Horizontal type
b. Vertical type 
c. Travelling head type

3) Shapers are classified in to two types based on design of the work table
a. Standard shaper
b. Universal shaper

4) Based on type of cutting stroke employed these are classified in to 
a. Push type 
b. Draw type


Crank type shaper



In these shapers the reciprocating ram is driven by crank mechanism. In this a single point cutting tool is employed to do the operation. A crank is connected to the ram and the bull gear to which the power is given through an individual motor. These are most common type of shapers being used. The reciprocating length of tool will be always is equal to the length of stroke.


Gear type shaper



These are the rarely used shapers. In these shapers a rack and pinion are employed the rack is attached to the lower part of the ram and on which the pinion moves. The power is transmitted from the bull gear. A grain train is engaged for the transfer of power from the bull gear to pinion.


Hydraulic type shaper



These shapers run on hydraulic power. The end of the ram is connected to a piston fitted in to a cylinder. Oil is fed in to the cylinder initially the oil acts in one direction and the ram moves in one direction. A varying pressure is applied on the oil so as to obtain the reciprocating motion of the ram. One of the main advantage of this shaper is a constant speed can be obtained from the starting of the machining operation. There will be no fluctuations in the cutting speed and stroke of the ram. Another important advantage of this shaper is no sound will be produced hence a noise free environment can be obtained.


Horizontal shaper




As the name indicates these shapers have the motion of ram along the horizontal axis. This type of shapers is generally used for generation of fine and flat surfaces.


Vertical shaper



In these shapers the tool containing ram has its motion in vertical direction. In some of the shapers a provision of 100 rotation of the ram is also provided. In vertical shaper the ram may be driven by various types like crank driven, screw driven, gear driven, or by hydraulic power. Vertical shaping machines finds many applications in deep hole boring, machining internal surfaces, keyways, grooves etc. vertical shaper has a very robust table which can have cross, longitudinal, and rotational movement. The tool used on a vertical shaper is totally different from that of the normal tool which is employed on a horizontal shaper.


Travelling head type shaper



This type of shaper is generally employed for machining very large objects that cannot be mounted on the table of the machine and cannot be moved. In this machine the ram having reciprocating movement also provides crosswise movement simultaneously such that the tool can cut the required shape on the work piece.


Standard shaper 



In these shaper the table has only two movements i.e. vertical and horizontal. The table may or may not be supported on the other end. These are not generally used

Universal shaper



In these shapers in addition to the above mentioned two movements of the standard shaper it provides two more directions. 
1) By swelling the table about a axis ram ways.
2) The table can be tilted about an axis perpendicular to the 1 st one
So due to these two features any operation at any angle can be performed very easily. So due to these features the shaper is termed as a universal shaper


Push type shaper



It is one of the most commonly used shaper. In this the metal is removed when the ram is moving away from the column. This type of shaper pushes the work piece while removing the work piece away from it so this shaper is called as push type shaper.


Draw type shaper



It is just a converse of the push type shaper. In these machines the metal is removed from the work piece when the ram is moving towards the column. So due to this the work piece takes a force in the direction towards the column of the work piece. Due to this action the forces over the column and bearings are somewhat reduced. The tool is required to be mounted in opposite direction to the normal conditions. The vibrations on machine components are also damped to some extent.








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Types of Lathe Machine and intro

Intro:-


A machine for shaping a piece of material, such as wood or metal, by rotating it rapidly along its axiswhile pressing a fixed cutting or abrading tool against it.

Types:-

  1.  Center lathe / engine lathe / bench lathe.
  2.  Turret lathe and capstan lathe.
  3.  Multispindle lathe.
  4.  CNC lathe / CNC turning center.


Center lathe :-


   A lathe centre, often shortened to centre, is a tool that has been ground to a point to accurately position a workpiece on an axis. They usually have an included angle of 60°, but in heavy machining situations an angle of 75° is used.


Cpstan lathe:-


A lathe with a revolving tool holder that enables several tools to be permanently mounted on it.



 Multispindle lathe:-


Multi Spindle Automatic Lathe can provide the various types of machining such as boring, turning, chamfering, threading, grooving, and drilling by moving the workpieces between 6 or 8 stations(machining position). This machine tool enables to realize overwhelmingly fast cycle time by dividing into 6 or 8 processes. Generally Multi Spindle Automatic Lathe can provide approx. 4－5 times of machining speed comparing to the Single Spindle NC Lathe although the speed can be widely varied depending on the various conditions


CNC lathe:-

Speaking of 6 Spindle Automatic Lathe, 1 spindle is used for loading and un-loading, and other 5 spindles are used for machining. SHIMADA’s 6 Spindle Automatic Lathe can attach 3 NC slides and 8 Spindle Automatic Lathe can attach 1 NC slide. The rough machining is provided at non-CNC slide positions and proceeds the finishing at NC position, therefore both high-speed and high-accurate can be possible with this machine.




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Monday 15 August 2016

Define process and working in milling machine

Milling machine:-

  A machine tool in which a horizontal arbor or vertical spindle rotates a cutting tool above a horizontal table, which is used to move a workpiece.

Millaing machine process:-

  Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool. It covers a wide variety of different operations and machines, on scales from small individual parts to large, heavy-duty gang milling operations.


  1.   Milling cuter
  2.   Gang Milling

 Milling cuter:-


 The milling cutters are revolving tools having one or several cutting edges of identical form equally spaced on the circumference of the cutter. The cutting elements are called teeth.

  Gang Milling:-


 Gang milling is the term applied to an operation in which two or more milling cutters are mounted on the same arbor and used when cutting horizontal surfaces. All cutters may perform the same type of operation or each cutter may perform a different type of operation.
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Friday 12 August 2016

pump types

                                                               Intro pumps

     
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
 
 1 Types
 2 Pump repairs
 3 Applications
 4 Specifications
 5 Pumping power
 6 Efficiency

Types:-

     1.1 Positive displacement pumps
         1.1.1 Positive displacement pump behavior and safety
         1.1.2 Positive displacement types
                1.1.2.1 Rotary positive displacement pumps
                1.1.2.2 Reciprocating positive displacement pumps
                1.1.2.3 Various positive displacement pumps
                      1.1.2.3.1 Gear pump
                      1.1.2.3.2 Screw pump
                      1.1.2.3.3 Progressing cavity pump
                      1.1.2.3.4 Roots-type pumps
                      1.1.2.3.5 Peristaltic pump
                      1.1.2.3.6 Plunger pumps
                      1.1.2.3.7 Triplex-style plunger pumps
                      1.1.2.3.8 Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps
                      1.1.2.3.9 Rope pumps
   1.2 Impulse pumps
     1.2.1 Hydraulic ram pumps
   1.3 Velocity pumps
      1.3.1Radial-flow pumps
      1.3.2Axial-flow pumps
      1.3.3Mixed-flow pumps
      1.3.4Eductor-jet pump
  1.4 Gravity pumps
  1.5 Steam pumps
  1.6 Valveless pumps

 deff:-

1.1 Positive displacement pumps

         A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.

Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operatio

    1.1.1 Positive displacement pump behavior and safety:

          Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually only used as a safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank provides increased safety.

  1.1.2 Positive displacement types:

 A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid:

1:Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane,  circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted   roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or       liquid-ring pumps
2:Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston or diaphragm pumps
3:Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

  1.1.2.1 Rotary positive displacement pumps:

   These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and draws in the liquid[citation needed][dubious – discuss].

Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient[citation needed] because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed the air from the lines manually.

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.

Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:

1:Gear pumps - a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two gears
2:Screw pumps - the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning against each    other to pump the liquid
3:Rotary vane pumps - similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.

  1.1.2.2 Reciprocating positive displacement pumps:

   Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.
   Types Reciprocating positive displacement pumps:-
   1: Plunger pumps
   2: Diaphragm pumps
   3: Piston pumps 
   4:Radial piston pumps

1.1.2.3 Various positive displacement pumps:-       

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:


  1. Rotary lobe pump
  2. Progressive cavity pump
  3. Rotary gear pump
  4. Piston pump
  5. Diaphragm pump
  6. Screw pump
  7. Gear pump
  8. Hydraulic pump
  9. Rotary vane pump
  10. Peristaltic pump
  11. Rope pump
  12. Flexible impeller pump

   1.1.2.3.1 Gear pump

This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs

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Thursday 11 August 2016

Shaft

Shaft intro

  1. Types
  2. Materials
  3. Standard sizes
  4. Stresses
  5. Design stresses

Types:-


 They are mainly classified into two types:

   1: Transmission shafts 

         Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and the machine absorbing power;

       1.1:counter shafts

             

          



           
      1:2: line shafts
       



    2:Machine shafts

      Machine shafts are the integral part of the machine itself;   

    2:1crankshaft
        

       





Materials:-

  1:Mild steel.
  2:Alloy steel.
  3:Nickel-chromium.
  4:Chromium-vanadium steel.

Standard sizes[2]:-

1: Machine shafts

  •   Up to 25 mm steps of 0.5 mm
  •   25 to 50 mm steps of 1 mm
  •   50 to 100 mm steps of 2 mm
  •   100 to 200 mm steps of 5 mm
 2:Transmission shafts[edit]

  •   25 mm to 60 mm with 5 mm steps
  •   60 mm to 110 mm with 10 mm steps
  •   110 mm to 140 mm with 15 mm steps
  •   140 mm to 500 mm with 20 mm steps

    The standard lengths of the shafts are 5 m, 6 m and 7 m.

Stresses:-

The following stresses are induced in the shafts.

    1:Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (due to torsional load).
    2:Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon the machine elements like gears and pulleys as well as the self weight of the shaft.
    3:Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.


Design stresses:-


The maximum permissible (design) stresses in bending (tension or compression) may be taken as:


    1.    112 N/mm2 for shafts with allowance for keyways.
    2.    84 N/mm2 for shafts without allowance for keyways.
The maximum permissible (design) shear stresses may be taken as:

    1.        56 N/mm2 for shafts with allowance for keyways.
    2.        42 N/mm2 for shafts without allowance for keyways.


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